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<text id=93CT1836>
<title>
Rwanda--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southern Africa
Rwanda
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> According to folklore, Tutsi cattle breeders began arriving
in the area from the Horn of Africa about 500 years ago and
gradually subjugated the Hutu inhabitants. The Tutsis
established a monarchy headed by a mwami (king) and a feudal
caste of nobles. The Tutsis reduced the Hutus to serfdom
through a contract known as ubuhake, whereby the Hutu farmers
obligated their services to the Tutsi lords in return for cattle
and the use of pastures and arable land.
</p>
<p> The first European to visit Rwanda was a German lieutenant,
Count von Goetzen, in 1894. His party was followed by
missionaries, notably the "White Fathers." In 1899, the court of
mwami submitted to a German protectorate without resistance.
Belgian troops from Zaire occupied Rwanda in 1916; after World
War I, the League of Nations mandated Rwanda and its southern
neighbor, Burundi, to Belgium as the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi.
Following World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a UN trust
territory with Belgium as the administering authority.
</p>
<p> Reforms instituted by the Belgians in the l950s encouraged
the growth of democratic political institutions but ultimately
were resisted by Tutsi traditionalists who saw in them a threat
to Tutsi rule. An increasingly restive Hutu population sparked
revolt in November 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi
monarchy. Two years later, the Party of the Hutu Emancipation
Movement (PARMEHUTU) won an overwhelming victory in a
UN-supervised referendum. During the 1959 revolt and its
aftermath, more than 160,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring
countries.
</p>
<p> The PARMEHUTU government, formed as a result of the September
1961 election, was granted internal autonomy by Belgium on
January 1, 1962. A June 1962 UN General Assembly resolution
terminated the Belgian trusteeship and granted full independence
to Rwanda (and Burundi) effective July 1, 1962.
</p>
<p> Gregoire Kayibanda, leader of the PARMEHUTU Party, became
Rwanda's first elected president, directing a government chosen
from the membership of the directly elected unicameral National
Assembly. Peaceful negotiation of international problems, social
and economic elevation of the masses, and integrated development
of Rwanda were the ideals of the Kayibanda regime. Relations
with 43 countries, including the United States, were established
in the first 10 years.
</p>
<p> Despite the progress made, inefficiency and corruption began
festering in government ministries in the mid-1960s. In 1968,
disaffection in the National Assembly with the government led
not to reform but to the purging of dissident elements from the
party. The social and economic disruption that ensued culminated
on July 5, 1973, when the military took power under the
leadership of Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana, who dissolved the
National Assembly and the PARMEHUTU Party and abolished all
political activity.
</p>
<p> In 1975, the president announced the formation of the
National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), whose
goals are to promote peace and unity and national development.
The movement is organized from the "hillside" to the national
level and includes elected and appointed officials.
</p>
<p> Under MRND aegis, Rwandans went to the polls in December 1978
and overwhelmingly endorsed a new constitution. In a related
plebiscite, they confirmed President Habyarimana in his
presidential duties. Progress toward the full resumption of
civilian rule continued with the election of communal counselors
in January 1980 and deputies to the newly created 64-member
legislative body, the National Development Council (CND), in
1981. President Habyarimana was reelected in 1983, and the CND
was increased to 70 members. New presidential (in which
President Habyarimana was the sole candidate) and legislative
elections were held in December 1988.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Government policy is set by the president in consultation
with the Council of Government, composed of 17 cabinet
ministers. Laws are introduced by the president and submitted
for approval to the CND. During its first year this
parliamentary body passed 49 laws, including new tax laws,
commercial regulations, and modifications to the criminal code.
Although power remains in the presidency, the CND represents
another step in the direction of democracy.
</p>
<p> Characterized by political moderation and fiscal
conservatism, the Habyarimana government has focused on
development problems, especially food production, education,
health care, housing, employment, and infrastructure. Ethnic
harmony is the governments stated objective. Although informal
quotas have relegated the Tutsis to a minor role in government,
civil service, and the military, there have been few
manifestations of ethnic unrest.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
February 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>